lzIff,
afnjflnsf / cleefjssf] lrGtf .
lzIff / afnjflnsf
;a}sf] rf;f] / lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . ;dfh ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf lzIff xf] h;sf]
cf8df dflg;sf] lhjgdf ;xhtf k|fKt x'G5 . lzIff a'em\g] a'emfpg] dflg;sf leGg
leGg cfwf/x? x'g\ t/ cGtTjuTjf lhjgofkg ;/n ;xh aGg] agfpg] ljifo lzIff ;Fu
ufFl;Psf] 5 . x'g t lhjgdf ;a}vfn] ;'v ef]u k|fKt u/]sf / lzIff k|fKt ug{ c;kmn
dflg;sf a]Un} ts{ 5g\ t/ klg k"0f{ / cfb{z ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf ;dfh ljsf;sf]
k|d'v cfwf/ / ;'v ;DkGgtf / u'0f:t/Lo lhjgsf d"Vo ljifo ;a}n] dfg"g\
gdfg"g\ lzIff g} xf] eGbf cg'lr eg] gxf]nf . lzIffsf ;DaGwdf w]/}sf w]/}
wf/0fx? kfO{G5 . h;n] cg'ej u5{ To;sf] avfg dfld{s / ;fGble{s kfO{G5 . elgG5 ls
u/]/ hflgG5 ls k/]/ hflgG5 .
cfh ef]ln cfkm\gf
5f]/f–5f]/Lsf] eljio k|lt cleefjssf] dgf]la1fg / lrGtf al9 5 . ;dosf] ljsf; qmd
;Fu} k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] ljsf; klg lrGtfsf] Pp6f sf/0f aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
5f]/f–5f]/L hGdgf ;fy cfdf–afa'n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f–5f]/Lsf] nflu sNkgf ug]{ eljio
/ pgLx?sf] pd]/ut b]lvg] ljsf; kl/jt{gsf] tf/tDodf stf–st} gldn]sf] k|z:t
kfO{G5g\ . ;'Gb/ eljiosf] sNkgf cleefjsn] cfkm\gf cg'ej / ef]ufO{af6 ubf{ clg
aRrfsf] gh/af6 b]Vg] eljiosf] ldng k|foM c;Eo h:t} aGb} uPsf] 5 . ;do /
36gfqmdsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ;Fu} ;dfhsf cfjZostf / o'u ;'xfpFbf] kl/j{tgnfO{
cfTd;fy ug]{ eljiosf] sNkgf jRrfn] ug{ ;Sbf cleefjssf] wf/0ff eGbf km/s x'G5
k|foM h;f] afnaflnssf] wf/0ff . cfkm\gf ;Gtfg cfkm"n] b]vfPsf] af6f]af6 g}
cuf8L a9'g\ eGg] cleefjssf] ljZjf; / sfdgf oltj]nf d]n x'Fb}g . kl/lZolthGo
kl/jt{g / ;do ;'xfpFbf] kl/j]zdf cfkm\gf afnjflnsf cufl8 a9\g vf]Hbf k|]/0ff
lbg' c;n cleefjlso bfloTj x'G5 . ;a} afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf ;dfg x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx?sf
Ifdtf / ?lrsf ljifo k|lt klg cleefjs ulDe/ x'g'kb{5 . afndgf]lj1fgnfO{ a'em]/
pgLx?sf] efjgf / ?lrnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ pTk|]/ssf] e'ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ cleefjssf] a'l4dfgL
x'G5 . h;n] jfnjflnsfdf l;Sg ;xh jftfj/0f / xf};nf hu]{gf ub{5 .
kl5Nnf lbgx?df
ljBfyL{ jfnjflnsfx?sf] Psfu|tfdf ;d:of b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 nfdf] ;do Pp6} ljifodf
pgLx?n] tlNngtf ljz]if u/L cWoog n]vg sfo{df sld ePsf] kfO{G5 . of] ljifon]
cleefjssf] lrGtfnfO{ a9fjf u/]sf] 5 . cleefjs cfkm\gf 5f]/f–5f]/L ;Fu} cWoogsf]
;fyL aGbf / cfkm\gf 5f]/f–5f]/LnfO{ Pp6f glhssf] ldqsf] Jojxf/ ubf{ of] b'l/ sd
ug{ ;lsG5 . pd]/ut lx;fjn] p;sf Ifdtf / ?lr cg';f/sf ljifodf cGt/lqmof ug]{ /
;s] ;Dd w]/} ;do afnaflnsfnfO{ lbg] ljifon] Pp6f k|uf9tf lgDTofp5 / Ps csf{ k|lt cf:yf, ;Ddfgsf] efjgf ljsf; u5{ .
;d:of k|lt km/s km/s wf/0ff x'g ;S5 cfkm} l;Sg pTk]|l/t ug{ ;Sbf l56f] l;sfO{ /
a'emfO{ x'G5 . d"ntM jfnjflnsfsf] klxnf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ cfdf–afa' /
kl/jf/af6 xf] To;kl5 dfq lzIf0f ;+:yf x'G5g\ . c;n cfdf–afa,' bfh'–efO{, 5/ –l5d]sL,
lzIfs–lzlIfsfnfO{ k|ToIf b]v–e]6 x'b} ubf{ klg afnaflnsfn] s]lx g s]lx
l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . em\g cfdf–afa' ;Fu t cToflws ;do JolQt\ ug]{ x'Fbf] w]/}
s'/fsf] l;sf] x'G5, cfkm\gf ;Gtfg s'g af6f]af6 lgb]{lzt ug]{ k|wfgt cleefjssf]
/xg–;xg, jfgL–Joxf]/f ,;dfh, 5/–l5d]s / lzIfs–lzlIfsf ljBfno al9 lhDd]jf/
x'G5g\ .
ckjfb jfx]s ;a}
;Gbe{df ldNb5 kmn /fd|f] lgsfNg ljp /fd|f] x'g'kb{5 ;Fu ;Fu} uf]8d]n, kfgL, dn,
:ofxf/, jftfj/0f, df};d cflbsf] d]n h?/L x'G5 . To:t} jfnjflnsfdf klg p;Fu}
ePsf] ljlzi6 Ifdtfsf] klxrfg u/L cleefjsn] dfnLsf] e'ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . ljBfnoaf6
;fyLsf] snd e]§fP/ NofPF eGg] jfnsnfO{ s'g ;fyLsf] xf] ;f]w]/ ef]nL b]pm eGg' /
o xf] n /fv ef]nL lsGg' gkg]{ ef] eGg] s'/fn] ljkl/t b'O{ w'|asf] k|ltljDa ub{5
. s:tf] dfu{df cuf8L a9fpg] ;kgf s:tf] af8\g] 7"nf] dflg; agfpg ls c;n
dflg; agfpg k]|l/t ug]{ d"Votof cleefjssf ljljw ultljlwaf6 ck|To afnaflnsf
k|]l/t eO/x]sf kfO{G5g\ . ljifo ;fgf] / uf}0f b]lvG5 t/ To;sf] k|efj b'uf{dL
/xg] ljifo k|lt ;r]t eO/x'g kb{5 . ;w} cuf8L k|yd x'g] aRrf s'g} lbg bf]>f]
x'Fbf cleefjs lzIfs cflbsf pTk|]/0ff / ulNtaf6 ca cuf8L a9\g'k5{ l;Sg'k5{ cem
d]xgt ug'{k5{ eGg' eGbf ca xfl/;\, kl5 kl/;\, ca t]/f lbg uP, cflb OToflb
eGbfsf] kl/0ffd csNklgo ePsf 5g\ / x'G5g\ . xfdL x/]s afnaflnsfnfO{ plQs}
t]hjfg / pTs[i6 agfpg rfxG5f}+ . ltgnfO{ ;ls g;ls tfG5f}+, 3r]8\5f}+, prfN5f}+,
t/ s] Tof] l;sfO{ lbuf] x'g ;S5 . hj ;Dd l;s] hfg]sf s'/f ljlw Jojxf/ / lhjgdf
k|of]u x'Gg Tof] l;sfO{ s;/L dfGg] < k9\b} k9]g, k9\g} dfg]g, k9fpg} ;lsPg
cflb ljifo k|wfg xf]Og\g lsgls ;a}df Pp6} Ifdtf x'Fb} x'Fb}g\ k|s[ltsf] lalzi6
pkxf/ ljZjdf hlt klg dflg; 5g\ tL ;a}sf] km/s–km/s u'0f 5g\ Tof] a'em\g' h?/L 5
t/ km]l/ afnaflnsfnfO{ lhjg a'em\g k|]l/t ug'{ kb{5 . p;df lglxt ljlzi6
Ifdtfsf] klxrfg u/L phfu/ ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ cleefjs / ;Da4 kIf nfUg' kb{5 .
lrGtg ug'{ cGoyf xf]Og t/ lrGtf ug'{ ;dfwfg klg xf]Og\ km/s u'0fx?sf] klxrfg
u/L To;df cufl8 a9fpg' pQd pkfo x'G5 . 7"nf] dflg; aGg] ;kgf af8\g] xf]Og\
c;n, rl/qafg, 1fgL dflg; aGg agfpg pTk]l/t ug]{ xfd|f ;fy{s k|of; h?/L 5 cfhsf
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ .
